If you invested $2,500 in the S&P 500 in 1928

How this was computed

We take the S&P 500 total return series (price change plus dividends reinvested at year-end) from start of 1928 through end of 2024 — a 97-year window — and apply the actual year-by-year return to a starting balance of $2,500. The nominal figure of $24,498,240 reflects the market value in 2024 dollars. The real figure of $1,350,161 strips out cumulative CPI-U inflation over the same window, expressing the end value in terms of 1928 purchasing power.

Total multiplier: 9799.30× nominal (real: 540.06×). Cumulative CPI-U inflation over the window: 18.14× — meaning one 1928 dollar buys 0.06 2024 dollars of goods.

What this scenario captures

Every rolling multi-decade window contains its own crisis and recovery. The 97-year window starting 1928 includes the market events of that era — bull runs, drawdowns, monetary regime changes, and inflation cycles — all baked into the compounded number. Long-run S&P 500 real return since 1928 has averaged roughly 6.9%; the 6.70% realized in this specific window trailed that average.

What the calculation excludes

• ETF or mutual fund expense ratios (VOO 0.03%, SPY 0.09%, IVV 0.03%)
• Taxes on dividends (typically 15-20% qualified rate) — inside a Roth IRA or taxable-account brokerage account with reinvested dividends the drag matters
• Bid/ask spread and transaction costs
• Behavioral realities — real investors rarely hold through the worst drawdowns without selling

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This page precomputes the S&P 500 outcome for $2,500 starting in 1928. For a custom scenario, use our interactive tool:

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